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2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 30(11): 1371-6, Nov. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-201684

ABSTRACT

In awake rats a single recurrent larger tidal volume (deep breaths) occurs at regular intervals, followed by oscillations in arterial pressure and heart rate. In the present study we recorded the changes in blood pressure, heart rate and ventilation during the wakefulness-sleep cycle identified by electrocorticographic records in order to determine whether the deep breaths and cardiovascular oscillations were associated with changes in the electrocorticogram. During several episodes of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in 7 rats the deep breaths and oscillations in arterial pressure and heart rate were preceded by SWS desynchronization. The interval between deep breaths during SWS was 71 + 4 s, the period between initial desynchronization and the generation of deep breaths was 3.98 + 0.45 s and the duration of SWS desynchronization was 11 + 0.65 s. Hypotension (-16 + 1 mmHg) and tachycardia (+15 + 5 bpm) were observed during deep breaths in the SWS state. These data indicate that the oscillations in arterial pressure and heart rate during SWS are associated with deep breaths, which in turn are preceded by desynchronization of the electrocorticogram in this state of sleep.


Subject(s)
Rats , Male , Animals , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Cortical Synchronization , Respiratory System/physiology , Sleep Stages/physiology , Rats, Wistar
3.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 30(1): 125-31, Jan. 1997. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-187344

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects hypoxia and temperature on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems tems and plasma glucose levels of the winter bullfrog Rana calesbeiana. Body temperature was maintained at 10, 15, 25 and 35 degrees Celsius for measments of breathing frequency, heart rate, arterial blood pressure metabolic rate, plasma glucose levels, blood gases and acid-base status. Reducing body temperature from 35 to 10 degrees Celsius decreased (P<0.001) heart rate (bpm) from 64.0 ñ 3,1 (N =5) to 12.5 + 2.5 (N = 6) and blood pressure (mmHg) (P<0.05) from 41.9 ñ 2.1 (N = 5) to 33.1 ñ 2.1 (N = 6), whereas no significant changes were observed under hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced changes in breathing frequency and acid-base status were proportional to body ternperature, being pronounced at 25 degrees Celsius less so at l5 degrees Celsius, and absent at 10 degrees Celsius. Hypoxia at 35 degrees Celsius was lethal. Under normoxia, plasma glucose concentration (mg/dl) decreased (P<0.01 from 53.0 ñ 3.4 (N = 6) to 35.9 ñ 1.7 (N = 6) at body temperatures 35 and 10 degrees Celsius, respectively. Hypoxia had no significant effect on plasma glucose concentration at 10 and 15 degrees Celsius, but a 25 degrees Celsius there was a significant increase under conditions of 3 per cent inspired O2. The arterial PO2 and pH values were similar to those reported in previous studies on non-estivating Rana calesbeiana, but PaCO2 (37.5 ñ 1.9 mmHg, N = 5) was 3-fold higher, indicating increased plasma bicarbonate levels. The estivating bullfrog may be exposed not only to low temperatures but also to hypoxia. These animals show temperature-dependent responses that may be beneficial since during low body temperatures but also to hypoxia. These animals show temperature-dependent responses that may be beneficial since during low body temperatures the sensitivity of most physiological systems to hypoxia is reduced.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cardiovascular System/physiology , Hypoxia/complications , Metabolism/physiology , Rana catesbeiana/physiology , Respiratory System/physiology , Thermosensing
4.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 7(4): 74-82, dic. 1996. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-195011

ABSTRACT

The clinical applications of standarized physiological functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems are discussed


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Cardiovascular System/physiology , Reference Standards , Respiratory System/physiology , Body Surface Area , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Hemodynamics/physiology , Monitoring, Physiologic
5.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 29(4): 533-40, Apr. 1996. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-163899

ABSTRACT

The medullary raphe nuclei are involved in central autonomic regulation. In all species investigated, electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei causes cardiovascular responses, although these changes vary between species. The present study was designed to investigate the participation of these nuclei in cardiovascular regulation in the hamster. We studied the effect on arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of electrical stimulation (isolated cathodal square wave pulses for 10 sec at 100 Hz, 40-100 muA and 1-msec pulse duration) within the medullary raphe nuclei in urethane-anesthetized (1.2 g/kg, iv, after ether induction) golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus, 130 to 150 g, either sex). Electrical stimulation of the same sites was performed on a group of paralysed (Flaxedi1(, 1 mg/kg, iv) and artificially ventilated animals. Stimulation sites were histologically defined and maps of the stimuli were obtained for the effect of electrical stimulation on arterial blood pressure. In another series of experiments L-glutamate (0.18 M) was microinjected (75 to 150 nl) into the nucleus raphe obseurus. Electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei produced predominantly pressor responses (delta =+ 12 to + 100 mmHg; 49.3 per cent of the stimulated sites). Hypotension (delta =-5 to -20 mmHg; 14.6 per cent of the stimulated sites) and no change in BP (35.3 per cent) were evoked from fewer stimulation sites. Pressor responses were also predominant in paralysed animals (delta =+ 15 to + 95 mmHg; 62.5 per cent of the stimulated sites), and after microinjection of L-glutamate into the raphe obscurus (delta = +35 to + 135 mmHg). The present results demonstrate that in the hamster the stimulation of these nuclei evokes mainly pressor responses. These responses are similar to those obtained in the rat and guinea pig but opposite to those observed in the cat and rabbit.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Animals , Cricetinae , Raphe Nuclei/physiology , Arterial Pressure/physiology , Respiratory System/physiology , Electric Stimulation , Mesocricetus/physiology
6.
Sao Paulo; Manole; 5 ed; 1996. x,178 p. ilus, tab, graf, 23cm.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, HANSEN, HANSENIASE, SESSP-ILSLACERVO, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1085455
7.
J. bras. med ; 67(4): 19-45, out. 1994. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-163777

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi chamar atençao para os aspectos neurológicos das bariopatias. Tivemos certas dificuldades - uma vez que na literatura especializada pouca coisa se tem dito a respeito -, porém conseguimos pesquisar alguns dados e deste modesto trabalho procuramos desenvolver o que a nossa pouca experiência como neurologista pode aquilatar nesse novo e fascinante ramo da Medicina, a medicina submarina. No Brasil a Marinha de Guerra, pioneira das atividades subaquáticas (desde 1930), vem atendendo em suas câmaras hiperbáricas - na força de submarinos - seus mergulhadores e elementos civis vitimados por acidentes hiperbáricos. Atualmente, no meio civil, centenas de operários entram todos os dias em caixoes pneumáticos para trabalhar sob ar comprimido e inúmeras equipes de mergulhadores operam ao longo do nosso litoral, em modernas plataformas de prospecçao submarina de petróleo, instalaçao e reparos de oleodutos e interceptores oceânicos, obras de construçao e manutençao de cais e fundaçoes de pontes, expondo-se aos perigos e acidentes hiperbáricos. Nao existe lei que os proteja ou dê às suas famílias a segurança e o amparo tao necessários quando acontecem os tao freqüentes acidentes. Atualmente estao mobilizados em importar legislaçao estrangeira, onde todos os pontos em questao estao sanados. Como nos limitamos, na medida do possível, aos aspectos neurológicos, acrescentamos às bariopatias dois outros capítulos: as doenças descompressivas e a embriaguez das profundidades, onde o sistema nervoso central é imediatamente atingido. Do tratamento das doenças descompressivas nas câmaras hiperbáricas surgiu a nova tecnologia que utiliza essas câmaras para descomprimir os pacientes vítimas de traumatismo craniencefálico, com grande êxito no bom prognóstico do famigerado edema cerebral, responsável pelo grande número de óbitos nas primeiras horas de politraumatismo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atmospheric Pressure , Blood Circulation/physiology , Decompression Sickness , Diving/adverse effects , Occupational Diseases , Neurologic Manifestations , Respiratory System/physiology , Barotrauma
8.
Rev. méd. Costa Rica Centroam ; 61(528): 95-104, jul.-set. 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-152473

ABSTRACT

Los transtornos funcionales de la ventilación son muy frecuentes en la práctica clínica y posiblemente los que produzcan más ingresos hospitalarios de todos los trastornos de la respiración. Por esta razón se procede a discutir conceptos básicos de fisiología respiratoria que permitan comprender al lector cómo se generan dichas alteraciones y qué papel juegan las pruebas de función respiratoria en su diagnóstico


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory System/physiology , Respiratory System/physiopathology
9.
Rev. Med. Policlin ; 4(1): 46, abr. 1994.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-134725

ABSTRACT

En los ultimos años y con el advenimiento de modernas técnicas y aparatos de anestesia, más los conocimientos a fondo de diversas enfermedades, el índice de la vía a aumentado a alrededor de 74 años en el hombre y 78 años en la mujer, por lo tanto existe un incremento en la supervivencia, dejando en apenas 2 por ciento las muertes debidas a accidentes anestésicos quirúrgicos. Los pacientes de la tercera edad (sobre 70 años), tienen cambios anatómicos y fisiológicos importantes, sobre todo el sistema cardiovascuar con una clara disminución en el flujo sanguineo, aumento de la rigidez miocárdica hipertrofias ventriculares, aumento de la tensión arterial, etc. el aparato respiratorio al igual que el sistema renal hepático, endócrino, sufren modificación con la senectud. el sistema nervioso es tan sensible en los ancianos que amerita un trato especial al usar las drogas anestésicas. Al llegar a esta época de la vida, se deven tener en consideración estos cambios al administrar anestésicos, es por eso que el paciente geriátrico debe tener un trato especial y un conocimiento adecuado de dosis y drogas por parte del anestesiologo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Anesthesia , Cardiovascular System/physiology , Central Nervous System , Hepatic Duct, Common/physiology , Geriatrics , Health of the Elderly , Respiratory System/physiology
10.
Hamdard Medicus. 1994; 37 (3): 67-73
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-32571

ABSTRACT

The pump consists of the chest wall, the respiratory muscles that displace it, the centers in the nervous system that control the muscles. The chest wall can be divided into three parts; the diaphragm, the rib cage with its musculature, and the abdomen with its musculature. Diaphragm's primary function is act of breathing, specially the inspiratory phase. The function of the diaphragm as a pump depends on the ability of the muscle fibers to shorten. In this article we discussed the function of diaphragm, its fiber types, innervation, contractile properties, length-tension relationships, and its blood supply


Subject(s)
Respiratory System/physiology , Diaphragm , Lung/anatomy & histology
12.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 51(3): 141-51, jul.-sept. 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194410

ABSTRACT

El manejo de la vía aérea pediátrica normal, puede resultar sumamente complejo si no se toma en cuenta que se trata de seres en pleno desarrollo. El hecho de que el niño no es un adulto pequeño nunca es más cierto que al estudiar su vía aérea. En el presente trabajo estudiaremos las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la vía aérea pediátrica en particular, comparándola con la del adulto. Revisaremos las causas y condiciones que puedan generar dificultades en la intubación, y analizaremos los métodos de evaluación utilizados para anticiparse a estas situaciones. Consideraremos en detalle las diferencias que existen en la intubación del paciente pediátrico y el adulto y finalizaremos con una revisión de las complicaciones más frecuentemente asociadas a la intubación endotraqueal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adult , Anesthesia, Endotracheal/adverse effects , Intubation, Intratracheal , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Pediatrics , Respiratory System/anatomy & histology , Respiratory System/physiology , Airway Obstruction , Cricoid Cartilage/anatomy & histology , Laryngeal Edema/complications , Epiglottis/anatomy & histology , Larynx/anatomy & histology , Preoperative Care , Tongue/anatomy & histology , Trachea/anatomy & histology , Vocal Cords/anatomy & histology
13.
Kinesiologia ; (36): 45-9, mayo-ago. 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-196208

ABSTRACT

El aparato respiratorio debe evitar la agresión y el daño causado por vapores, gases, irritantes, partículas inorgánicas y orgánicas, alérgenos y microorganismos que ingresan con el aire inspirado. Para cumplir esta función posee mecanismos defensivos altamente especializados que comprenden factores mecánicos, reflejos y elementos humorales y celulares. El filtro nasal, la filtración aerodinámica y el transporte mucociliar representan importantes mecanismos de arrera. El estornudo, la tos y la broncoconstricción son los principales reflejos. Entre los factores humorales inespecíficos deben destacarse a lisozima, fibronectina, antiproteasas, factores de complemento y al surfactante alveolar. Además del epitelio ciliado pseudoestratificado, entre los elementos celulares de importancia en los mecanismos de defensa, deben nombrarse a los mastocitos, los polimorfonucleares neutrófilos y eosinófilos, los macrófagos alveolares y los linfocitos. La respuesta inmune con sus características de específicidad, memoria y perfeccionamiento es el nivel más especializado de defensa. En la vertiente humoral destaca la IgA secretoria que cumple funciones de neutralización, bloqueo y opnonización. Finalmente, los linfocitos T ejercen la inmunidad celular mediante citotoxicidad y liberación de linfokinas que activan a células accesorias. Todos los mecanismos descritos deben actuar en forma coordinada y regulada para lograr su objetivo y evitar el daño tisular y la infección. Existen múltiples condiciones que pueden alterar estos mecanismos defensivos y facilitar la acción de los agentes agresores


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory System/physiology , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Antibody Formation , Bronchoconstriction , Cough , Mucociliary Clearance/physiology , Fibronectins , Immunoglobulin A, Secretory , Muramidase/physiology , Nasal Cavity , Respiratory System/anatomy & histology , Respiratory System/cytology , Respiratory System/immunology , Sneezing , T-Lymphocytes
14.
In. Muñoz Canto, Félix; Caviedes Soto, Iván. Cuidados intensivos respiratorios. Santiago de Chile, Mediterráneo, 1991. p.15-28, ilus. (Medicina Serie Práctica).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-164829
15.
In. Muñoz Canto, Félix; Caviedes Soto, Iván. Cuidados intensivos respiratorios. Santiago de Chile, Mediterráneo, 1991. p.44-53, ilus. (Medicina Serie Práctica).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-164831
17.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 38(4): 233-6, jul.-ago. 1988.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-76886

ABSTRACT

Os efeitos da anestesia peridural torácica na funçäo dos músculos reto-abdominais (teste de RAM) foram comparados com o teste de Bromage dos membros inferiores durante cirurgia eletiva do andar superior do abdomên em 10 homens, usando bupivacaína 0,5%. A capacidade viral, o fluxo expiratório máximo, o volume expiratório forçado no 1§ segundo, a PO2 e PCO2 foram também meicados. Os resultados mostraram que näo existe uma correlaçäo significativa entre as duas escalas 20 min após o bloqueio (coeficiente de correlaçäo de Spearman, r = 12). Em relaçäo ao fluxo expiratório máximo, capacidade vital, volume expiratório forçado no 1§ segundo, PO2 e PCO2 näo ocorreu diferença significativa entre os valores basais e 20 min após (teste t de Student). A peridural torácica näo influencia negativamente na funçäo pulmonar e proporciona um relaxamento de 60 a 80% dos músculos abdominais


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Abdominal Muscles/physiology , Anesthesia, Epidural , Bupivacaine , Respiratory System/physiology , Thoracic Surgery
18.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 21(4): 863-8, 1988. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-60814

ABSTRACT

1. Mechanical behavior of the respiratory system and pulmonary histopathology were investigated in young (8 months) and old (18 months) adult Wistar rats. 2. Respiratory mechanics were under static conditions and during both relaxed and forced expiration. Morphological studies consisted of descriptive light microscopy analysis of intratracheally-fixed, paraffin-embedded pulmonary tissue. 3. Old animals exhibited morphological emphysema and chronic bronchitis, decreased respiratory system (2.40 vs 3.42 cm H2O/ml) and lung (1.32 vs 2.30 cm H2O/ml) elastances, forced vital capacity (13.00 vs 14.32 ml), forced expiratory mean flows between 50 and 75% (35.67 vs 60.50 ml/s) and 75 and 100% (6.67 vs 17.67 ml/s) of forced vital capacity, and an increased respiratory system time constant (0.114 vs 0.082 s) in relation to young rats. 4. These results indicate that old animals suffer from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that resembles human pulmonary emphysema


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Male , Aging/physiology , Lung/pathology , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory System/physiology
20.
RBE, Cad. eng. bioméd ; 4(1): 71-81, ago. 1987. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-57470

ABSTRACT

Técnicas de análise de sistemas foram aplicadas no estudo da resposta cardiorespiratória em 5 indivíduos normais, que se submeteram a exercício dinâmico em bicicleta ergomátrica, com cargas tipo rampa, degrau e senóide. Para as respostas a entrada tipo rampa, o limiar de anaerobiose ventilatória (L.A.) foi determinado e os testes degrau e senoidais foram executados em valor percentual desta carga. É discutido o processo de determinaçäo do L.A., e a análise teórica desenvolvida está em concordância com os valores achados. Para entradas tipo degrau documentou-se que o decremento do intervalo RR (IRR) com a carga é dependente do IRR de repouso. Para entradas tipo senóide, foram construídos os diagramas de Bode individuais, que se asemelham a filtros passa baixas. Além disso, respostas apresentando freqüência duplicada foram encontradas para a ventilaçäo em períodos menores que 4 min e para o IRR em períodos menores que 2 min. Estes resultados estabelecem padröes clássicos de näo linearidades que podem subsidiar novas pesquisas ou análise de sistemas aplicadas ao esforço físiso dinâmico


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular System/physiology , Respiratory System/physiology , Exercise Test
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